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The truth is that I'm human, and I make choices of my own. My belief is that interracial relationships are despicable. Forty-nine years ago, however, the father may have been on the wrong side of history, but on the right side of the law. In , Richard P. Loving, a white man, and his black wife, Mildred, married in Washington, D.

The couple, originally from Virginia, were convicted under the state's Racial Integrity Act , a law that banned interracial marriages at the time.

Interracial marriage in the United States - RationalWiki

The judge, Leon M. Bazile, ultimately found the couple guilty. According to PBS, the interracial couple was "hauled from their house and throw into jail, all for the crime of getting married. The Romani people " Gypsies " who have origins in the Indian subcontinent travelled westwards and also took local wives in Central Asia , the Middle East , and Europe.

Genetic studies show that the majority of Romani males carry large frequencies of particular Y chromosomes inherited paternally that otherwise exist only in populations from South Asia , in addition to nearly a third of Romani females carrying particular mitochondrial DNA inherited maternally that is rare outside South Asia.

Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States

They settled in different parts of India and befriended and traded with the local Indian population. Intermarriage occurred, and to this day the Indian Jews physically resemble their surrounding Indian populations due to intermarriage. There are also cases of Indian princesses marrying kings abroad. According to the Samguk Yusa, the princess' parents had a dream sent by a god who told them about a king from a faraway land.


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In Goa during the late 16th and 17th centuries, there was a community of Japanese slaves and traders, who were either Japanese Christians fleeing anti-Christian sentiments in Japan, [] or Japanese slaves brought or captured by Portuguese traders and their South Asian lascar crewmembers from Japan. Inter-ethnic marriages between European men and Indian women were very common during colonial times.

According to the historian William Dalrymple, about one in three European men mostly British , as well as Portuguese , French , Dutch , and to a lesser extent Swedes and Danes had Indian wives in colonial India. One of the most famous intermarriages was between the Anglo-Indian resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick and the Hyderabadi noblewoman and descendant of prophet Mohammed, Khair-un-Nissa. During the British East India Company 's rule in India in the late 18th century and early 19th century, it was initially fairly common for British officers and soldiers to take local Indian wives.

The , strong Anglo-Indian community has descended from such unions. There is also a story of an attractive Gujjar princess falling in love with a handsome English nobleman and the nobleman converted to Islam so as to marry her. The 65, strong Burgher community of Sri Lanka was formed by the intermarriages of Dutch and Portuguese men with local Sinhalese and Tamil women.

Intermarriage also took place in Britain during the 17th to 19th centuries, when the British East India Company brought over many thousands of Indian scholars, lascars and workers. A small number of which settled down in Britain and took local British wives, as well as a limited number going with their husbands.

In Assam , local Indian women married several waves of Chinese migrants during British colonial times, to the point where it became hard to physically differentiate Chinese in Assam from locals during the time of their internment during the war , and the majority of these Chinese in Assam were married to Indian women, and some of these Indian women were deported to China with their husbands.

In the 19th century, when the British Straits Settlement shipped Chinese convicts to be jailed in India, the Chinese men then settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam after their release and married Tamil Paraiyan women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by Edgar Thurston. Edgar Thurston described the colony of the Chinese men with their Tamil pariah wives and children: An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded.

The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas.

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The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and in one case conspicuously prominent cheek-bones.

Vikings explored and eventually settled in territories in Slavic -dominated areas of Europe. Europe, especially the Balkans, was an important source of captives for the Arab slave trade then, and Saqaliba Slavic slaves taken to the Arab World often intermarried or had unions with their Arab owners. The French Normans were descended from Danish Vikings who were given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France —the Duchy of Normandy —in the 8th century.

In that respect, descendants of the Vikings in France and Britain continued to have an influence in northern Europe as well. Many of the medieval kings of Norway and Denmark married into English and Scottish royalty and occasionally got involved in dynastic disputes. During World War I , there were , soldiers from British India , [] a large number of soldiers from French North Africa , [] and 20, labourers from South Africa , [] who served in France.

Much of the French male population had gone to war, leaving behind a surplus of French females, [] many of whom formed interracial relationships with non-white soldiers, mainly Indian [] [] and North African. On the other hand, Hindu soldiers in France were restricted from intermarriage on the basis of the Indian caste system.

GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS: Facing racism

The administrations of the German colonies in Africa and the South Seas enacted bans on marriages with non-European natives in the early 20th century. When the issue was debated in the Reichstag in , this ban was rejected by a majority and an inclusive marriage law was demanded see German interracial marriage debate However, it never came to pass because of the beginning of World War I a few years later.


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  • Nazi Germany introduced the Nuremberg Laws in , among which was the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour that banned marital as well as extramarital relations between Germans incl. Although Slavs could be in theory included as Aryans , [] Nazi Germany's legal practice consisted in strict segregation of Germans and most subjugated Slavs and harsh punishment for miscegenation, as exemplified by the Polish decrees of Comparative sociologist Amparo Gonzalez-Ferrer argues that one of the main reasons why Turkish men marry Germans more than Turkish women do is due to Islam permitting men but not women to marry non-Muslims.

    In ancient history , the Iberian Peninsula was frequently invaded by foreigners who intermarried with the native population. One of the earliest foreign groups to arrive to the region were the Indo-European Celts who intermarried with the pre-Indo-European Iberians in prehistoric Iberia. They were in turn followed by the Germanic Visigoths , Suebi and Vandals and the Sarmatian Alans who also intermarried with the local population in Hispania during late Antiquity. In the 6th century, the region was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire before it was lost again to the Visigothic Kingdom less than a century later.

    After the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century, the Islamic state of Al-Andalus was established in Iberia. Due to Islamic marital law allowing a Muslim male to marry Christian and Jewish females, it became common for Arab and Berber males from North Africa to intermarry with the local Germanic, Roman and Iberian females of Hispania. By the 11th or 12th century, the Muslim population of Al-Andalus had merged into a homogeneous group of people known as the " Moors ".

    After the Reconquista , which was completed in , most of the Moors were forced to either flee to Morocco or convert to Christianity. The ones who converted to Christianity were known as Moriscoes , and they were often persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition on the basis of the Limpieza de sangre "Cleanliness of blood" or " blue blood " doctrine.

    According to Gilberto Freyre , a Brazilian sociologist, miscegenation was commonplace in the Portuguese colonies , and was even supported by the court as a way to boost low populations and guarantee a successful and cohesive settlement.

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    Thus, settlers often released African slaves to become their wives. The children were guaranteed full Portuguese citizenship , provided the parents were married. Miscegenation was still common in Africa until the independence of the former Portuguese colonies in the mids.

    Most Icelanders are descendants of Norwegian settlers and Celts from Ireland and Scotland , brought over as slaves during the age of settlement. As was the case in other areas occupied by Muslims, it was acceptable in Islamic marital law for a Muslim male to marry Christian and Jewish females in southern Italy when under Islamic rule — namely, the Emirate of Sicily , and, of least importance, the short-lived Emirate of Bari between the 8th and 11th centuries.

    In this case, most intermarriages were between Arab and Berber males from North Africa and the local Greek , Roman and Italian females. Such intermarriages were particularly common in the Emirate of Sicily , where one writer visiting the place in the s expressed shock at how common it was in rural areas. After a brief period when the Arab-Norman culture had flourished under the reign of Roger II of Sicily , later the mainlander Italians migrated to Sicily persecuted the Muslims of Sicily and they killed many of them; [] later the remnants were expelled in with the persecution of Frederick II , who deported the Muslim survivors in Lucera.

    In Malta , Arabs and Italians from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria intermarried with the local inhabitants, [] who were descended from Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans and Vandals. The Maltese people are descended from such unions, and the Maltese language is descended from Siculo-Arabic. At times, the Italian city-states also played an active role in the Arab slave trade , where Moorish and Italian traders occasionally exchanged slaves. For example, two researchers suggest that Leonardo da Vinci 's mother Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East.

    Their Ottoman Turkish descendants went on to annex the Balkans and southern parts of Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Due to Islamic marital law allowing a Muslim male to marry Christian and Jewish females, it was common in the Ottoman Empire for Turkish males to intermarry with European females. Due to the common occurrence of such intermarriages in the Ottoman Empire, they had a significant impact on the ethnic makeup of the modern Turkish population in Turkey , which now differs from that of the Turkic population in Central Asia.