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Erie Canal - Wikipedia
Pearl Street in downtown Albany, NY. Yet these men "carried the Erie Canal up the Niagara escarpment at Lockport , maneuvered it onto a towering embankment to cross over Irondequoit Creek , spanned the Genesee River on an awesome aqueduct , and carved a route for it out of the solid rock between Little Falls and Schenectady —and all of those venturesome designs worked precisely as planned". Construction began July 4, , at Rome, New York. At that rate, the canal would not be finished for 30 years. The main delays were caused by felling trees to clear a path through virgin forest and moving excavated soil, which took longer than expected, but the builders devised ways to solve these problems.
To fell a tree, they threw rope over the top branches and winched it down.
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They pulled out the stumps with an innovative stump puller. Two huge wheels were mounted loose on the ends of an axle. A third wheel, slightly smaller than the others, was fixed to the center of the axle. A chain was wrapped around the axle and hooked to the stump. A rope was wrapped around the center wheel and hooked to a team of oxen.
The mechanical advantage torque obtained ripped the stumps out of the soil. Soil to be moved was shoveled into large wheelbarrows that were dumped into mule-pulled carts. Using a scraper and a plow, a three-man team with oxen, horses and mules could build a mile in a year.
The remaining problem was finding labor; increased immigration helped fill the need. Many of the laborers working on the canal were Irish , who had recently come to the United States as a group of about 5, Most of them were Roman Catholic, a religion that raised much suspicion in early America due to its hierarchic structure, and many laborers on the canal suffered violent assault as the result of misjudgment and xenophobia. Construction continued at an increased rate as new workers arrived. When the canal reached Montezuma Marsh at the outlet of Cayuga Lake west of Syracuse , it was rumored that over 1, workers died of "swamp fever" malaria , and construction was temporarily stopped.
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The middle section from Utica to Salina Syracuse was completed in , and traffic on that section started up immediately. In , before the canal was completed, a detailed Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveler, Along the Line of the Canals, and the Interior Commerce of the State of New York , was published for the benefit of travelers and land speculators. The route followed the channel of a creek that had cut a ravine steeply down the escarpment. The construction and operation of two sets of five locks there soon gave rise to the community of Lockport.
The final leg had to be cut 30 feet 9. Much of that section was blasted with black powder , and the inexperience of the crews often led to accidents, and sometimes to rocks falling on nearby homes.
Two villages competed to be the terminus: Buffalo expended great energy to widen and deepen Buffalo Creek to make it navigable and to create a harbor at its mouth. Buffalo won over Black Rock, and grew into a large city, eventually encompassing its former rival. The entire canal was officially completed on October 26, The event was marked by a statewide "Grand Celebration," culminating in a series of cannon shots along the length of the canal and the Hudson, a minute cannonade from Buffalo to New York City.
The canal began on the west side of the Hudson River at Albany, and ran north to Watervliet , where the Champlain Canal branched off. At Cohoes , it climbed the escarpment on the west side of the Hudson River and then turned west along the south shore of the Mohawk River, crossing to the north side at Crescent and again to the south at Rexford.
The canal continued west near the south shore of the Mohawk River all the way to Rome, where the Mohawk turns north. At Rome , the canal continued west parallel to Wood Creek , which flows westward into Oneida Lake , and turned southwest and west cross-country to avoid the lake.
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From Canastota west, it ran roughly along the north lower edge of the Onondaga Escarpment , passing through Syracuse, Onondaga Lake , and Rochester. Before reaching Rochester, the canal uses a series of natural ridges to cross the deep valley of Irondequoit Creek. At Lockport the canal turned southwest to rise to the top of the Niagara Escarpment , using the ravine of Eighteen Mile Creek. The canal continued south-southwest to Pendleton , where it turned west and southwest, mainly using the channel of Tonawanda Creek.
With several miles of the Canal inland of this location still lying under 20th-century fill and urban construction, the effective western navigable terminus of the Erie Canal is found at Tonawanda. The Erie made use of the favorable conditions of New York's unique topography, which provided that area with the only break in the Appalachians south of the Saint Lawrence River. The Hudson is tidal to Troy , and Albany is west of the Appalachians. The port of New York became essentially the Atlantic home port for all of the Midwest—because of this vital connection and others to follow, such as the railroads, New York would become known as the "Empire State" or "the great Empire State".
Problems developed but were quickly solved. Leaks developed along the entire length of the canal, but these were sealed using cement that hardened underwater hydraulic cement. The original design planned for an annual tonnage of 1. An ambitious program to improve the canal began in The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches, resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original canal. The First Enlargement was completed in , with further minor enlargements in later decades. Today, the reconfiguration of the canal created during the First Enlargement is commonly referred to as the "Improved Erie Canal" or the " Old Erie Canal ", to distinguish it from the canal's modern-day course.
Existing remains of the canal abandoned during the Enlargement are sometimes referred to today as "Clinton's Ditch" which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original — construction. Additional feeder canals soon extended the Erie Canal into a system. The Chemung Canal connected the south end of Seneca Lake to Elmira in , and was an important route for Pennsylvania coal and timber into the canal system.
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The Genesee Valley Canal was run along the Genesee River to connect with the Allegheny River at Olean , but the Allegheny section, which would have connected to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, was never built. As the canal brought travelers to New York City, it took business away from other ports such as Philadelphia and Baltimore.
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Those cities and their states started projects to compete with the Erie Canal. Other competition was more direct. The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opened in , providing a bypass to the slowest part of the canal between Albany and Schenectady. Other railroads were soon chartered and built to continue the line west to Buffalo, and in a continuous line which later became the New York Central Railroad and its Auburn Road in was open the whole way to Buffalo.
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As the railroad served the same general route as the canal, but provided for faster travel, passengers soon switched to it. However, as late as , the canal carried thirteen times more freight tonnage than all the railroads in New York State combined; it continued to compete well with the railroads through , when tolls were abolished. During Rockefeller's consolidations of the late s and early s, he used the canal as a cheaper form of transportation — in the summer months when it was not frozen — to get his refined oil from Cleveland to New York City.
In the winter months his only options were the three trunk lines: However, it went bankrupt and was acquired the next year by the New York Central. The Erie Canal greatly lowered the cost of shipping between the Midwest and the Northeast, bringing much lower food costs to Eastern cities and allowing the East to economically ship machinery and manufactured goods to the Midwest. Its impact went much further, increasing trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to Midwestern farm products and by enabling migration to the West.
The Erie Canal was an immediate success. Tolls collected on freight had already exceeded the state's construction debt in its first year of official operation. In more than 40, passengers took advantage of the convenience and beauty of canal travel. Evangelical preachers made their circuits of the upstate region, and the canal served as the last leg of the Underground Railroad ferrying runaway slaves to Buffalo near the Canada—US border. Vendors moved from boat to boat peddling items such as books, watches and fruit, while less scrupulous "confidence men" sold remedies for foot corns or passed off counterfeit bills.
Consisting of a massive stone aqueduct which carried boats over incredible cascades, Little Falls was one of the most popular stops for American and foreign tourists. This is shown in Scene 4 of William Dunlap's play A Trip to Niagara , where he depicts the general preference of tourists to travel by canal so that they could experience a combination of artificial and natural sights. The play also reflects the less enthusiastic view of some who saw movement on the canal as tedious. New ethnic Irish communities formed in some towns along its route after completion, as Irish immigrants were a large portion of the construction labor force.
Because so many immigrants traveled on the canal, many genealogists have sought copies of canal passenger lists. Apart from the years —, canal boat operators were not required to record passenger names or report them to the government, which, in this case, was the state of New York. Some passenger lists survive today in the New York State Archives, and other sources of traveler information are sometimes available.
The Canal also helped bind the still-new nation closer to Britain and Europe. Trade between the United States and Canada also increased as a result of the repeal and a reciprocity free-trade agreement signed in Much of this trade flowed along the Erie. Its success also prompted imitation: Also, the many technical hurdles that had to be overcome made heroes of those whose innovations made the canal possible. This led to an increased public esteem for practical education.
Chicago , among other Great Lakes cities, recognized the importance of the canal to its economy, and two West Loop streets are named "Canal" and "Clinton" for canal proponent DeWitt Clinton. Concern that erosion caused by logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the canal contributed to the creation in of another New York National Historic Landmark, the Adirondack Park.
The popular song " Low Bridge " by Thomas S. Allen was written in to memorialize the canal's early heyday, when barges were pulled by mules rather than engines. However, George Jeremiah and Dwight Bacheller, two of the bill's opponents, argued that the state had no right to stop canal traffic on the grounds that the Erie Canal and its tributaries had ceased to be wards of the state. The canal at its inception had been imagined as an extension of nature, an artificial river where there had been none.
The canal succeeded by sharing more in common with lakes and seas than it had with public roads. Jeremiah and Bacheller argued, successfully, that just as it was unthinkable to halt oceangoing navigation on Sunday, it was so with the canal. This new canal replaced much of the original route, leaving many abandoned sections most notably between Syracuse and Rome.
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New digging and flood control technologies allowed engineers to canalize rivers that the original canal had sought to avoid, such as the Mohawk, Seneca , and Clyde rivers, and Oneida Lake. This expensive project was politically unpopular in parts of the state not served by the canal, and failed to save it from becoming obsolete for commercial shipping.
The new alignment began on the Hudson River at the border between Cohoes and Waterford , where it ran northwest with five locks the so-called "Waterford Flight" , running into the Mohawk River east of Crescent. The Waterford Flight is claimed to be one of the steepest series of locks in the world. While the old Canal ran next to the Mohawk all the way to Rome, the new canal ran through the river, which was straightened or widened where necessary. From Rome, the new route continued almost due west, merging with Fish Creek just east of its entry into Oneida Lake.